Atelectasis of the right lower lobe results in a triangular density at the right lung base medially. Collapse of the right lower lobe results in effacement of the right heart border; obscuring the interface between the lung and heart. This is referred to as the silhouette sign. Note that the interface between the lung and the medial aspect of the right hemidiaphragm is also obscured. Atelectasis may also result in signs of decreased lung volume, which can include ipsilateral tracheal deviation, depression of the minor fissure, and elevation of the right hemidiaphragm – a radiographic sign that is referred to as tenting. 0:00 Intro 0:08 Opacification 0:24 Silhouette Sign 0:43 Decreased Lung Volume 0:59 Summary 1:26 Watch Next Atelectasis (Left Upper Lobe): Explanation of Chest X-ray Findings https://youtu.be/JczJ4mYp_4I Music: https://www.bensound.com 📺 Subscribe To My Channel and Get More Great Quizzes and Tutorials https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC95TzSH1B_2EjaZMgDBNmvA?sub_confirmation=1 #FOAMrad #MedEd #radiology Disclaimer: All the information provided by Medical Education for Visual Learners and associated videos are strictly for informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for medical advice from your health care provider or physician. It should not be used to overrule the advice of a qualified healthcare provider, nor to provide advice for emergency medical treatment. If you think that you or someone that you know may be suffering from a medical condition, then please consult your physician or seek immediate medical attention.

Congenital herniation of abdominal viscera (e.g., intestine, liver) into the thoracic cavity can result in the ipsilateral absence of aerated lung and a contralateral mediastinal shift with lung compression. Characteristically, multiple loops of air- or fluid-filled bowel are seen in place of the lung. If the herniated loops of intestine are filled with fluid, then the affected hemithorax will be radiopaque. If there is herniation of the liver into the right hemithorax, then the typical liver shadow will be absent below the diaphragm while a large soft-tissue opacity will be present above it. 📺 Subscribe To My Channel and Get More Great Quizzes and Tutorials https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC95TzSH1B_2EjaZMgDBNmvA?sub_confirmation=1 #FOAMrad #MedEd #radiology Disclaimer: All the information provided by Medical Education for Visual Learners and associated videos are strictly for informational purposes only; it is not intended as a substitute for medical advice from your health care provider or physician. If you think that you or someone that you know may be suffering from a medical condition, then please consult your physician or seek immediate medical attention.

This lecture will describe the classic chest x-ray findings that are associated with congestive heart failure. 0:00 Intro 0:07 Overview 0:48 Cardiomegaly 1:26 Vascular Redistribution (e.g., cephalization) 1:53 Increased artery-to-bronchus Ratio 2:24 Pulmonary Congestion (e.g., hilar enlargement) 2:57 Pulmonary Interstitial Edema 3:10 Kerley B Lines 3:39 Peribronchial Cuffing 4:05 Interlobar Fissure Thickening 4:17 Perihilar Haze 4:29 Pleural Effusion 5:09 Alveolar Edema 5:35 Quick Review Music: https://www.bensound.com 📺 Subscribe To My Channel and Get More Great Quizzes and Tutorials https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC95TzSH1B_2EjaZMgDBNmvA?sub_confirmation=1 #FOAMrad #MedEd #radiology Disclaimer: All the information provided by Medical Education for Visual Learners and associated videos are strictly for informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for medical advice from your health care provider or physician. It should not be used to overrule the advice of a qualified healthcare provider, nor to provide advice for emergency medical treatment. If you think that you or someone that you know may be suffering from a medical condition, then please consult your physician or seek immediate medical attention.

Breast Prostheses: There are two circular opacities with homogenous radiodensity and sharp borders. The contours of the opacities and their location (i.e., lower thoracic cavity) are suggestive of cosmetic breast implants. Pitfall: Unilateral breast implants (e.g., following mastectomy) can mimic lung infiltration or pathologic masses. 📺 Subscribe To My Channel and Get More Great Quizzes and Tutorials https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC95TzSH1B_2EjaZMgDBNmvA?sub_confirmation=1 #FOAMrad #MedEd #radiology Disclaimer: All the information provided by Medical Education for Visual Learners and associated videos are strictly for informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for medical advice from your health care provider or physician. It should not be used to overrule the advice of a qualified healthcare provider, nor to provide advice for emergency medical treatment. If you think that you or someone that you know may be suffering from a medical condition, then please consult your physician or seek immediate medical attention.

A lung abscess typically appears as a focal round mass with a central cavity and a gas-fluid level. The outer wall of the cavity is poorly defined due to surrounding consolidation, while the inner margin is relatively sharp. There is a collection of gas and fluid within the cavity; a sharp horizontal line divides a dark radiolucency (i.e., gas) from the dense opacity (i.e., fluid) below it. 📺 Subscribe To My Channel and Get More Great Quizzes and Tutorials https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC95TzSH1B_2EjaZMgDBNmvA?sub_confirmation=1 #FOAMrad #MedEd #radiology Disclaimer: All the information provided by Medical Education for Visual Learners and associated videos are strictly for informational purposes only; it is not intended as a substitute for medical advice from your health care provider or physician. If you think that you or someone that you know may be suffering from a medical condition, then please consult your physician or seek immediate medical attention.

A pneumoperitoneum refers to free gas in the peritoneal cavity and it appears on an erect chest radiograph as a subdiaphragmatic lucency. The double wall sign (a.k.a., Rigler Sign) occurs when extraluminal gas is present on either sides of the intestinal wall, thus resulting in a clear outline of the intestine. 0:00 Intro 0:12 Free Air Under Diaphragm 2:03 Double Wall Sign (a.k.a., Rigler Sign) 📺 Subscribe To My Channel and Get More Great Quizzes and Tutorials https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC95TzSH1B_2EjaZMgDBNmvA?sub_confirmation=1 #FOAMrad #MedEd #radiology Disclaimer: All the information provided by Medical Education for Visual Learners and associated videos are strictly for informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for medical advice from your health care provider or physician. It should not be used to overrule the advice of a qualified healthcare provider, nor to provide advice for emergency medical treatment. If you think that you or someone that you know may be suffering from a medical condition, then please consult your physician or seek immediate medical attention.

The typical radiograph is of a well-defined, rounded, retrocardiac opacity with an air-fluid level. In this image, the radiolucent gas is highlighted in blue, while the gastric contents are highlighted in the green. In many cases of hiatal hernia, there will not be an air bubble below the left hemidiaphragm. This is a relatively expected finding considering that the stomach is no longer in its usual position. The anatomical position of the herniated organ can be further elucidated on the lateral radiograph. Here we can see that the stomach is in the middle mediastinum posterior to the heart and above the diaphragm. Hiatal hernias can look similar to a retrocardiac lung abscess or another cavitary lesion, but it will change in size and shape between radiographs. Large hernias can shift the mediastinum to the right and result in a widening of the carinal angle. They can even give the appearance of cardiomegaly. In this radiograph, the cardiac silhouette is distinctly visible within the confines of the hiatal hernia. To review, a hiatal hernia on an AP chest radiograph typically appears as a round retrocardiac opacity with an air-fluid level. 🌐 Check out our website for more video lectures https://www.med4vl.com 📺 Subscribe To My Channel and Get More Great Quizzes and Tutorials https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC95TzSH1B_2EjaZMgDBNmvA?sub_confirmation=1 #FOAMrad #MedEd #radiology Disclaimer: All the information provided by Medical Education for Visual Learners and associated videos are strictly for informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for medical advice from your health care provider or physician. It should not be used to overrule the advice of a qualified healthcare provider, nor to provide advice for emergency medical treatment. If you think that you or someone that you know may be suffering from a medical condition, then please consult your physician or seek immediate medical attention.

While looking at this chest x-ray, the first thing that may come to your attention is the unusual appearance of the cardiac silhouette. It has a large and globular shape, which apparently resembles a leather water bottle of yore. Now regardless of any visual similarity, the name is fitting enough since the pericardial sac is filled with fluid (i.e., effusion). More objectively, however, the cardiothoracic ratio in this image is approximately 0.6, which is larger than normal. On a PA radiograph such as this one, the cardiothoracic ratio should be less then 0.5. Now on a bit of a side note, this value is not measured on an AP radiograph because over-magnification of the heart would give an inaccurate estimation of the it’s size. Finally, inspection of the airway reveals that the lower trachea is not quite vertical and that the carina appears to be displaced to the right. This appearance can occur if the x-ray was performed while the patient was rotated to the right. As well, encroachment of the engorged pericardial sac on the lower airway can also push the carina away from the mid-line. 📺 Subscribe To My Channel and Get More Great Quizzes and Tutorials https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC95TzSH1B_2EjaZMgDBNmvA?sub_confirmation=1 #FOAMrad #MedEd #radiology Disclaimer: All the information provided by Medical Education for Visual Learners and associated videos are strictly for informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for medical advice from your health care provider or physician. It should not be used to overrule the advice of a qualified healthcare provider, nor to provide advice for emergency medical treatment. If you think that you or someone that you know may be suffering from a medical condition, then please consult your physician or seek immediate medical attention.

The plain radiograph of a patient with a pulmonary infection can be deceivingly normal without any striking abnormality identifiable. Although several nonspecific radiographic findings can be present (e.g., line shadows, pleural effusions), it’s main value in the case of a suspected lung infarction is to exclude alternative diagnosis (e.g., pneumothorax). Determining the etiology based on radiographic findings, however can be difficult. Segmental consolidation with air bronchograms can be present and appear similarly in lobar pneumonia. Pulmonary embolism may also result in an area of opacity with elevation of the hemidiaphragm, a combination that is typical of atelectasis. Hampton’s Hump A rare, but suggestive finding is a wedge-shaped opacity in the periphery of the lung. The base is juxtaposed to the pleural surface, while the rounded apex (i.e., hump) is angled towards the hilum. Westermark’s sign Another rare, but suggestive finding is peripheral oligemia (i.e., hyperlucency) in the affected segment of lung. Poor pulmonary vascular perfusion due to an embolism results in a focal, wedged-shaped area of increased blackness. This sign is more helpful if previous radiographs are available for comparison. 📺 Subscribe To My Channel and Get More Great Quizzes and Tutorials https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC95TzSH1B_2EjaZMgDBNmvA?sub_confirmation=1 #FOAMrad #MedEd #radiology Disclaimer: All the information provided by Medical Education for Visual Learners and associated videos are strictly for informational purposes only; it is not intended as a substitute for medical advice from your health care provider or physician. If you think that you or someone that you know may be suffering from a medical condition, then please consult your physician or seek immediate medical attention.

A pneumothorax refers to the presence of gas or air in the pleural space. It is considered a simple pneumothorax when there isn’t any mediastinal shift to the contralateral side and patients are stable. In regards to detecting a pneumothorax, the most important aspect is simply looking for it. The x-ray may be almost entirely normal, except for a small crescent of lucency next to the lung, which can be easy to miss. Can you see a crescent of increased transradiancy in this x-ray? You may need to look closely. This area of increased blackness represents free air. Notice the lack of bronchovesicular markings within this region. A very helpful sign of a pneumothorax is the demarcation of the visceral pleura on the x-ray, which is identified by a thin, sharp, white line. This fine hairline opacity occurs between the lateral border of the lung and the free air in the pleural space. Again, notice the lack of pulmonary vascular markings in the area beyond the pleural line. Now, if the lung is consolidated, then the visceral pleura won’t be distinguishable as a separate line, but rather as the edge of the consolidation. Within the confines of the visceral pleural lines you can see lung tissue, which can be identified by the presence of lung markings. The contralateral lung may appear to have more prominent lung markings due to increased vascular flow. As mentioned earlier, with a simple pneumothorax the heart and mediastinal structures remain in their natural positions. For example, notice the central position of the trachea in this x-ray. 📺 Subscribe To My Channel and Get More Great Quizzes and Tutorials https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC95TzSH1B_2EjaZMgDBNmvA?sub_confirmation=1 #FOAMrad #MedEd #radiology Disclaimer: All the information provided by Medical Education for Visual Learners and associated videos are strictly for informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for medical advice from your health care provider or physician. It should not be used to overrule the advice of a qualified healthcare provider, nor to provide advice for emergency medical treatment. If you think that you or someone that you know may be suffering from a medical condition, then please consult your physician or seek immediate medical attention. Music: https://www.bensound.com

In situs inversus totalis (with dextrocardia), all of the visceral organs are located in the opposite side of the body in mirror reflection of their normal position and rotation. As we can see in this image, the cardiac silhouette is located in the right hemithorax with the cardiac apex pointing towards the right. The descending aorta is also on the right side, as opposed to its usual position on the left. 📺 Subscribe To My Channel and Get More Great Quizzes and Tutorials https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC95TzSH1B_2EjaZMgDBNmvA?sub_confirmation=1 #FOAMrad #MedEd #radiology Disclaimer: All the information provided by Medical Education for Visual Learners and associated videos are strictly for informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for medical advice from your health care provider or physician. It should not be used to overrule the advice of a qualified healthcare provider, nor to provide advice for emergency medical treatment. If you think that you or someone that you know may be suffering from a medical condition, then please consult your physician or seek immediate medical attention.

On a chest x-ray a pleural lipoma appears as a focal, homogenous opacity with a convex bulge and a sharp border. The radiographic appearance has been likened to a snowball after having made impact with a wall. Note that the edges of the mass are tapered and there is an obtuse angle between the lung wall and the contour of the lesion. Also very important is that there is no evidence of bone destruction (e.g., rib erosion). 📺 Subscribe To My Channel and Get More Great Quizzes and Tutorials https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC95TzSH1B_2EjaZMgDBNmvA?sub_confirmation=1 #FOAMrad #MedEd #radiology Disclaimer: All the information provided by Medical Education for Visual Learners and associated videos are strictly for informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for medical advice from your health care provider or physician. It should not be used to overrule the advice of a qualified healthcare provider, nor to provide advice for emergency medical treatment. If you think that you or someone that you know may be suffering from a medical condition, then please consult your physician or seek immediate medical attention. Music: https://www.bensound.com

A skin fold on the chest can result in an abrupt drop-off in opacity, thereby mimicking the radiographic findings of a pneumothorax. A skin fold however, has a dark band –opposed to light- at its latter contour. As well, in the case of skin folds, bronchovesicular markings extend to the periphery of the lung, whereas with a pneumothorax they do not. Keep in mind, however, that apical bronchovesicular markings may be difficult to appreciate. 📺 Subscribe To My Channel and Get More Great Quizzes and Tutorials https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC95TzSH1B_2EjaZMgDBNmvA?sub_confirmation=1 #FOAMrad #MedEd #radiology Disclaimer: All the information provided by Medical Education for Visual Learners and associated videos are strictly for informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for medical advice from your health care provider or physician. It should not be used to overrule the advice of a qualified healthcare provider, nor to provide advice for emergency medical treatment. If you think that you or someone that you know may be suffering from a medical condition, then please consult your physician or seek immediate medical attention. Music: https://www.bensound.com

The most common chest x-ray finding in a patient with a thoracic aortic aneurysm is mediastinal widening. Calcification of the outer wall can occur, but it is a relatively uncommon. Large aneurysms can cause lateral displacement of the trachea and inferior displacement of the left main bronchus. Aneurysms that are limited to the ascending aorta typically cause a right-sided bulge, and when large, can form the upper right border of the heart. Aneurysms that are limited to the descending aorta typically cause a left-sided bulge. 📺 Subscribe To My Channel and Get More Great Quizzes and Tutorials https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC95TzSH1B_2EjaZMgDBNmvA?sub_confirmation=1 #FOAMrad #MedEd #radiology Disclaimer: All the information provided by Medical Education for Visual Learners and associated videos are strictly for informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for medical advice from your health care provider or physician. It should not be used to overrule the advice of a qualified healthcare provider, nor to provide advice for emergency medical treatment. If you think that you or someone that you know may be suffering from a medical condition, then please consult your physician or seek immediate medical attention.

This lecture will discuss the potential radiographic findings in a chest x-ray taken from a patient with Tetralogy of Fallot. 📺 Subscribe To My Channel and Get More Great Quizzes and Tutorials https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC95TzSH1B_2EjaZMgDBNmvA?sub_confirmation=1 #FOAMrad #MedEd #radiology Disclaimer: All the information provided by Medical Education for Visual Learners and associated videos are strictly for informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for medical advice from your health care provider or physician. It should not be used to overrule the advice of a qualified healthcare provider, nor to provide advice for emergency medical treatment. If you think that you or someone that you know may be suffering from a medical condition, then please consult your physician or seek immediate medical attention.

The presence of fluid density material (e.g., exudates) within the right middle lobe results results in a wedge-shaped opacity in the right lower zone adjacent to the heart. Note the superior border of the opacity is sharply demarcated at the level of the horizontal fissure. Air Bronchograms: Air filled bronchi that are surrounded by alveolar infiltrates can appear as radiolucent (i.e., dark) branching columns within the area of opacification. Silhouette Sign: Consolidation of the right middle lobe results in effacement of the right heart border; the interface between the lung and heart is obscured. Note that the superior border of the right hemidiaphragm is clearly defined. Normal/Increased Lung Volume: Unless there is coinciding atelectasis, there usually is no loss of lung volume. Pitfalls: Radiographic evidence of pneumonia worsens during the first few days of treatment and can take several weeks to completely resolve. #FOAMrad #MedEd #radiology Music: https://www.bensound.com 📺 Subscribe To My Channel and Get More Great Quizzes and Tutorials https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC95TzSH1B_2EjaZMgDBNmvA?sub_confirmation=1 Disclaimer: All the information provided by Medical Education for Visual Learners and associated videos are strictly for informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for medical advice from your health care provider or physician. It should not be used to overrule the advice of a qualified healthcare provider, nor to provide advice for emergency medical treatment. If you think that you or someone that you know may be suffering from a medical condition, then please consult your physician or seek immediate medical attention.

The combination of an oval cardiac silhouette and a narrow vascular pedicle has been visually described as an egg-on-a-string. In cases with greater degrees of cardiomegaly, the term egg-on-a-side has been used. Now while the combination of these findings result in the classic appearance, it is important to keep in mind that in many cases the x-ray is completely normal. 📺 Subscribe To My Channel and Get More Great Quizzes and Tutorials https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC95TzSH1B_2EjaZMgDBNmvA?sub_confirmation=1 #FOAMrad #MedEd #radiology Disclaimer: All the information provided by Medical Education for Visual Learners and associated videos are strictly for informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for medical advice from your health care provider or physician. It should not be used to overrule the advice of a qualified healthcare provider, nor to provide advice for emergency medical treatment. If you think that you or someone that you know may be suffering from a medical condition, then please consult your physician or seek immediate medical attention.

Descriptions of 5 essential chest x-rays for students. 0:00 Intro 0:06 Pneumonia: Right Middle Lobe 1:33 Atelectasis: Right Lower Lobe 2:50 Congestive Heart Failure 8:56 Simple Pneumothorax 12:07 Skin Folds Music: https://www.bensound.com 📺 Subscribe To My Channel and Get More Great Quizzes and Tutorials https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC95TzSH1B_2EjaZMgDBNmvA?sub_confirmation=1 #FOAMrad #MedEd #radiology Disclaimer: All the information provided by Medical Education for Visual Learners and associated videos are strictly for informational purposes only. It is not intended as a substitute for medical advice from your health care provider or physician. It should not be used to overrule the advice of a qualified healthcare provider, nor to provide advice for emergency medical treatment. If you think that you or someone that you know may be suffering from a medical condition, then please consult your physician or seek immediate medical attention.